| Complication | Evidence | PMID |
| Nephropathy | 1. This study suggests that mast cells are involved in development of diabetic nephropathy. Through release of bioactive substances, such as tryptase, chymase, TGF-beta1, renin and TNF-alpha, into the tubular interstitium by degranulation, mast cells could promote renal inflammation and fibrosis, and thus contribute to diabetic nephropathy. | 22130579 |
| Retinopathy | 1. Serum concentrations of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and VEGF have an effect on the development and progression of DR. 2. the level of TNF-alpha is highly correlated with severity of diabetic retinopathy and with nephropathy. | 21797106 |
| Neuropathy | 1. The serum pro-inflammatory cytokines MIF, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 levels play an important role in the pathogenesis of DM and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) | 19567096 |
| Tuberculosis | 1. Induction of TNF through BCG vaccination or through selective agonism of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) has two desired cellular immune effects: 1) selective death of autoreactive T cells; and, 2) expansion of beneficial regulatory T cells (Tregs) | 28843039 |
| Insulin resistance and inflammation | 1.In addition, the elevated levels of serum tumor necrosis factor ? (TNF-?), soluble TNF receptor2, interleukin (IL)-6, CC-chemokine ligand (CCL)2 and resistin were parallel with the severity of hepatic inflammation, while the levels of serum adiponectin, leptin and TNF-?, but not resistin, were correlated with IR. | 20560816 |
