Complication | Evidence | PMID |
Retinopathy | 1. We identified differential DNA methylation of 349 CpG sites representing 233 unique genes including TNF, CHI3L1 (also known as YKL-40), CHN2, GIPR, GLRA1, GPX1, AHRR, and BCOR in cases with PDR compared with controls. | 26248552 |
Neuropathy | 1. Investigations using mice deficient in GIPR and/or GLP-1R have clarified roles of the incretins in enhancement of glucose-dependent insulin secretion from beta cells as well as divergent biological activities with therapeutic implications for diabetes-related complications, such as cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, and comorbidities, such as cognitive impairment, bone fracture and obesity. | 24095602 |
Insulin resistance and inflammation | 1. we overexpressed GIPR in 3T3-L1 CAR adipocytes and demonstrated that GIP impaired the physiological functions of adipocytes as a consequence of increased production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and phosphorylation of IkB kinase (IKK)-? through activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway. | 22366643 |