| Complication | Evidence | PMID |
| Nephropathy | 1. Upregulated IL-18 expression in type 2 diabetic subjects with nephropathyTGF-beta1 enhanced IL-18 expression in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. | 19110334 |
| Cardiovascular | 1. The reduction in serum IL-18 levels across increasing numbers of +183 G-alleles was especially apparent in patient with diabetes type 2 and metabolic syndrome, suggesting a beneficial GG genotype in relation to cardiovascular outcome in these patients. | 22141572 |
| Retinopathy | 1. In our previous studies, close relationship between proangiogenic activity of sera from type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (DM2) with background retinopathy, assessed in the in vivo serum-induced mouse cutaneous test (SIA), and VEGF and IL-18 serum concentration were observed. | 16204777 |
| Atherosclerosis | Serum levels of IL-18 might be a predictor of progression of diabetic nephropathy as well as cardiovascular diseases. | 16306550 |
| Tuberculosis | 1. Tuberculosis with diabetes is characterized by elevated circulating levels of type 1 (IFN-?, tumor necrosis factor-?, and IL-2), type 2 (IL-5), and type 17 (IL-17A) cytokines but decreased circulating levels of IL-22. This was associated with increased systemic levels of other pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1?, IL-6, and IL-18) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) but not type 1 IFNs. | 23987505 |
