| Complication | Evidence | PMID |
| Nephropathy | 1. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that MIF was expressed in mouse kidney glomeruli. While MIF expression was enhanced in the diabetic kidneys of both mouse strains, the elevated secretion from db/db mouse kidneys may be responsible for initiating the onset of microalbuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. | 23649333 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1. MIF has been reported to contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes-related diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. | 16443889 |
| Neuropathy | 1. The serum pro-inflammatory cytokines MIF, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 levels play an important role in the pathogenesis of DM and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) | 19567096 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1. Metabolic syndrome is a complex clinical disorder characterized by obesity, a disturbance of glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, leading to increased cardiovascular risk. Elevated levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in women with metabolic syndrome. | 21823060 |
| Cardiovascular | 1. The risk of adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events was significantly higher in the MIF high-level group (?52.7?ng/mL) than in the nondiabetes STEMI group 36 months after presentation. Thus, MIF levels in STEMI patients with or without diabetes can reflect acute cardiac function. | 21823060 |
| Insulin resistance and inflammation | 1. MIF deficiency partially protects from high-fat diet induced insulin resistance by attenuating macrophage infiltration, ameliorating adipose inflammation, which improved adipocyte insulin resistance ex vivo. | 30983881 |
