| Complication | Evidence | PMID |
| Nephropathy | 1. The present study has, for the first time, shown high plasma IR-NPY concentrations and Urinary IR-NPY excretion in NIDDM patients with advanced nephropathy. | 10426578 |
| Retinopathy | 1. NPY and Y2-receptor play important roles in diabetic retinopathy and retinal neovascularization and are thus potential new targets for drug molecules for treatment of retinopathy. | 15181979 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1. The indicate significant associations between inflammatory cell activation in blood and vascular atherosclerosis in genetically prone subjects, and provide possible mechanistic information about the role of NPY and the Leu7Pro polymorphism in the development of atherosclerosis. | 21746772 |
| Neuropathy | 1. These demonstrate that the expression of neuropeptides and their receptors in the diabetic heart is significantly impaired, and may be the link between neuropathy and cardiac complications. Further studies are warranted to delineate pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with dysregulation of the cardiac neuropeptide system and the relationship to cardiac complications in diabetes. | 22029806 |
| Cardiovascular | 1. In addition to incretin hormones, there are several proteins that may be affected by DPP-4 and its inhibition: among these some are relevant for the cardiovascular system homeostasis such as SDF-1\316\261 and its receptor CXCR4, brain natriuretic peptides, neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. | 22029806 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1. High or low abundance of NPY and cognate receptors dysregulates the homeostatic milieu engendering hyperphagia, decreased energy expenditure, obesity and attendant metabolic syndrome cluster of dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, risk factors for type II diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. | 22029806 |
| Insulin resistance and inflammation | 1. Increased FOXO1 positively correlated with NPY mRNA levels in D IRS2(-/-) mice, with FOXO1 showing mainly nuclear localization in D IRS2(-/-) and cytoplasmic in ND IRS2(-/-) mice. | 29667232 |
