| Complication | Evidence | PMID |
| Nephropathy | 1. HDL-PON1 activity is decreased in type 2 diabetic patients with incipient or overt nephropathy, which relates to the reduced HDL antioxidative ability in protecting LDL from oxidation and increased peroxide in HDL | 19207863 |
| Cardiovascular | 1. This study suggests that the presence of the 192Arg-allele in the PON1 gene is a genetic risk factor for microangiopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 19151417 |
| Retinopathy | 1. This study suggests that the presence of the 192Arg-allele in the PON1 gene is a genetic risk factor for microangiopathy in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 15270786 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1. In subjects with diabetes mellitus, PON1 is dysfunctional due to glycation, reducing its ability to retard LDL and cell membrane oxidation and contributing to the inflammation typical of diabetes, leading to the excess atherosclerosis common in this disease. | 20221877 |
| Neuropathy | 1. Patients with peripheral neuropathy had a significantly higher Ox-LDL/apoB ratio than patients without this complication.The genotype TT of -108C/T polymorphism in the promoter region of the PON1 gene, which is associated with decreased PON1 expression, showed a significantly higher Ox-LDL/apoB ratio than genotypes TC or CCTT0.60 +/- 0.15, CT + CC0.55 +/- 0.11, P =.02) | 20221877 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1. Serum PON1 levels decrease in states of high oxidative stress like metabolic syndrome, obesity, uncontrolled diabetes, and dyslipidemia. | 20221877 |
| Insulin resistance and inflammation | 1. PON1 arylesterase activity decreased in general and central obesity, high blood pressure, and hyperinsulinemia conditions and correlated with BMI, CRP, adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, free thiols, and HOMA in a gender-dependent manner. | 15015140 |
