| Complication | Evidence | PMID |
| Nephropathy | 1. PPAR activation suppressed renal expression ofalpha(1D)-AR in diabetic nephropathy. 2. All three PPAR isoforms seem to play important roles in the development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes | 24772448 |
| Cardiovascular | 1. While statins are irrefutably the first line of drugs for dyslipidemia management in patients with residual CV risk while on a statin, PPAR alpha/gamma agonists have been found to be of substantial benefit. | 25926748 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1. Dysregulation of macrophage PPAR expression in type 2 diabetes may contribute, by altering arterial lipid metabolism and inflammatory response, to the accelerated atherosclerosis associated with diabetes. 2. BAC-Retn mice developed severe hepatic insulin resistance under chronic endotoxemia, accompanied by increased inflammatory responses in liver and skeletal muscle.Human resistin may link insulin resistance to inflammatory diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. 3. We hypothesized that genetic variation in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway genes, important in diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis, would be associated with extent of CAD in patients with diabetes mellitus. 4. Thus in addition to the treatment of type II diabetes, PPARgamma agonists can be potentially employed for the treatment of atherosclerosis in general population | 12682906 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1. In addition to helping to correct dyslipidemia, PPAR? agonists may hold promise as a therapy for patients with cholestatic liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and/or type 2 diabetes. | 28077274 |
| Insulin resistance and inflammation | 1. In summary, we have found a common PPARA regulatory variant that influences the cardiovascular effects of fenofibrate and that could be used to identify T2D patients who would derive benefit from fenofibrate treatment, in addition to those with atherogenic dyslipidemia. | 31974142 |
