Complication | Evidence | PMID |
Nephropathy | 1. We quantified the glomerular expression of thrombospondin-1 (THBS1, also known as TSP-1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1, also known as TGF-beta1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) at each stage of diabetic nephropathy. Increased glomerular expression of all three factors occurs from the earliest stage of diabetic nephropathy. 2. This study suggests that mast cells are involved in development of diabetic nephropathy. Through release of bioactive substances, such as tryptase, chymase, TGF-beta1, renin and TNF-alpha, into the tubular interstitium by degranulation, mast cells could promote renal inflammation and fibrosis, and thus contribute to diabetic nephropathy. | 16270194 |
Cardiovascular | 1. Although no serum or bone marrow inflammation was seen, HFS increased visceral fat, serum leptin and insulin at week 19 and induced further alterations in lipid profile, serum adiponectin, and TGFbeta1, TIMP1, MMP2, and MMP9, suggesting a prediabetic phenotype and cardiovascular dysfunction at week 27 more pronounced in M than G. | 26175082 |
Insulin resistance and inflammation | 1. TGFB1 expression was higher in NGT individuals than in individuals with type 2 diabetes (p=0.0303), and correlated with low fasting plasma insulin (p=0.0310, ? =-0.42). | 23595247 |