| Complication | Evidence | PMID |
| Nephropathy | 1. In multivariate stepwise regression analysis, serum OPG has also been shown to be an independent factor associated with the severity of diabetic nephropathy. | 26078757 |
| Cardiovascular | 1. Osteoprotegerin is associated with cardiovascular risk in hypertension and/or diabetes 2. Osteoprotegerin is an indicator of diabetes- and hypertension-associated vascular pathologies as endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk. | 22050177 |
| Retinopathy | These results indicate that SNPs in the OPG gene may be implicated in the pathogenesis of DR. | 24228244 |
| Atherosclerosis | 1. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) acts as a regulatory molecule with increased levels in the early stages of diabetes and atherosclerosis, and is also associated with insulin resistance. | 25450818 |
| Neuropathy | 1. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) has been linked to different diabetes complications, including cardiovascular disease, and new findings have indicated a specific role in diabetic peripheral neuropathy, but the exact mechanism is unknown. | 25450818 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1. OPN and OPG positively correlated with greater systolic blood pressure (SBP) values, HOMA-IR and HOMA-?, and with the presence of dyslipidemia and carotid atherosclerosis. | 25450818 |
| Insulin resistance and inflammation | 1.Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is an arterial calcification marker which has been associated with vascular damage. The study results indicate that OPG might play a role in the pathogenesis of vascular complications in association with hyperglycemia and low-grade inflammatory processes. | 20536491 |
